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This list of structural comparison and alignment software is a compilation of software tools and web portals used in pairwise or multiple structural comparison and structural alignment.

• Structural comparison and alignment

• References

| NAME | Description | Class | Type | Flexible | Link | Author | Year |

|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|

| ARTEMIS [ 1 ] | Topology-independent superposition of RNA/DNA 3D structures and structure-based sequence alignment | AllA | Pair | No | download | Bohdan D.R.; Bujnicki J.M.; Baulin E.F. | 2024 |

| ARTEM [ 2 ] [ 3 ] | Superposition of two arbitrary RNA/DNA 3D structure fragments & 3D motif identification | AllA | Pair | No | download | Bohdan D.R.; Voronina V.V.; Bujnicki J.M.; Baulin E.F. | 2023 |

| foldseek [ 4 ] | Fast and accurate protein structure alignment and visualisation | Seq | Pair | Yes | server download | M. van Kempen & S. Kim & C. Tumescheit & M. Mirdita & J. Lee & C. Gilchrist & J. Söding & M. Steinegger | 2023 |

| 3decision | Protein structure repository with visualisation and structural analytics tools | Seq | Multi | Yes | site | P. Schmidtke | 2015 |

| MAMMOTH | MA tching M olecular M odels O btained from T heory | Cα | Pair | No | server download | CEM Strauss & AR Ortiz | 2002 |

| CE | C ombinatorial E xtension | Cα | Pair | No | server | I. Shindyalov | 2000 |

| CE-MC | C ombinatorial E xtension- M onte C arlo | Cα | Multi | No | server | C. Guda | 2004 |

| DaliLite | D istance Matrix Ali gnment | C-Map | Pair | No | server and download | L. Holm | 1993 |

| TM-align | TM- score based protein structure align ment | Cα | Pair | nil | server and download | Y. Zhang & J. Skolnick | 2005 |

| mTM-align | Multiple protein structure alignment based on TM-align | Cα | Multi | No | server and download | R. Dong, Z. Peng, Y. Zhang & J. Yang | 2018 |

| VAST | V ector A lignment S earch T ool | SSE | Pair | nil | server | S. Bryant | 1996 |

| PrISM | Pr otein I nformatics S ystems for M odeling | SSE | Multi | nil | server | B. Honig | 2000 |

| MOE | M olecular O perating E nvironment. Extensive platform for protein and protein-ligand structure modelling. | Cα, AllA, Seq | Multi | No | site | Chemical Computing Group | 2000 |

| SSAP | S equential S tructure A lignment P rogram | SSE | Multi | No | server | C. Orengo & W. Taylor | 1989 |

| SARF2 | S patial AR rangements of Backbone F ragments | SSE | Pair | nil | server | N. Alexandrov | 1996 |

| KENOBI/K2 | NA | SSE | Pair | nil | server | Z. Weng | 2000 |

| STAMP | ST ructural A lignment of M ultiple P roteins | Cα | Multi | No | download server | R. Russell & G. Barton | 1992 |

| MASS | M ultiple A lignment by S econdary S tructure | SSE | Multi | No | server | O. Dror & H. Wolfson | 2003 |

| SCALI | S tructural C ore ALI gnment of proteins | Seq/C-Map | Pair | nil | server download | X. Yuan & C. Bystroff | 2004 |

| DEJAVU | NA | SSE | Pair | nil | server | GJ. Kleywegt | 1997 |

| SSM | S econdary S tructure M atching | SSE | Multi | nil | server | E. Krissinel | 2003 |

| SHEBA | S tructural H omology by E nvironment- B ased A lignment | Seq | Pair | nil | server | J Jung & B Lee | 2000 |

| LGA [ 5 ] | L ocal- G lobal A lignment, and Global Distance Test (GDT-TS) structure similarity measure | Cα, AllA, any atom | Pair | nil | server and download | A. Zemla | 2003 |

| POSA | P artial O rder S tructure A lignment | Cα | Multi | Yes | server | Y. Ye & A. Godzik | 2005 |

| PyMOL | "super" command does sequence-independent 3D alignment | Protein | Hybrid | No | site | W. L. DeLano | 2007 |

| FATCAT | F lexible Structure A lignmen T by C haining A ligned Fragment Pairs Allowing T wists | Cα | Pair | Yes | server | Y. Ye & A. Godzik | 2003 |

| deconSTRUCT | Database search on substructural level and pairwise alignment. | SSE | Multi | No | server | ZH. Zhang et al. | 2010 |

| Matras | MA rkovian TRA nsition of protein S tructure | Cα & SSE | Pair | nil | server | K. Nishikawa | 2000 |

| MAMMOTH-mult | MAMMOTH -based multiple structure alignment | Cα | Multi | No | server | D. Lupyan | 2005 |

| Protein3Dfit | NA | C-Map | Pair | nil | server | D. Schomburg | 1994 |

| PRIDE | PR obability of IDE ntity | Cα | Pair | nil | server | S. Pongor | 2002 |

| FAST | F AST A lignment and S earch T ool | Cα | Pair | nil | server | J. Zhu | 2004 |

| C-BOP | C oordinate- B ased O rganization of P roteins | N/A | Multi | nil | server | E. Sandelin | 2005 |

| ProFit | Pro tein least-squares Fit ting | Cα | Multi | nil | server | ACR. Martin | 1996 |

| TOPOFIT | Alignment as a superimposition of common volumes at a topomax point | Cα | Pair | nil | server | VA. Ilyin | 2004 |

| MUSTANG | MU ltiple ST ructural A lig N ment Al G orithm | Cα & C-Map | Multi | nil | download | A.S. Konagurthu et al. | 2006 |

| URMS | U nit-vector RMSD | Cα | Pair | nil | server | K. Kedem | 2003 |

| LOCK | Hierarchical protein structure superposition | SSE | Pair | No | NA | AP. Singh | 1997 |

| LOCK 2 | Improvements over LOCK | SSE | Pair | No | download | J. Shapiro | 2003 |

| CBA | C onsistency B ased A lignment | SSE | Multi | nil | download | J. Ebert | 2006 |

| TetraDA | Tetra hedral D ecomposition A lignment | SSE | Multi | Yes | NA | J. Roach | 2005 |

| STRAP | STR ucture based A lignment P rogram | Cα | Multi | nil | server | C. Gille | 2006 |

| LOVOALIGN | L ow O rder V alue O ptimization methods for Structural Align ment | Cα | Pair | nil | server | Andreani et al. | 2006 |

| GANGSTA | G enetic A lgorithm for N on-sequential, G apped protein ST ructure A lignment | SSE/C-Map | Pair | No | server | B. Kolbeck | 2006 |

| GANGSTA+ | Combinatorial algorithm for nonsequential and gapped structural alignment | SSE/C-Map | Pair | No | server | A. Guerler & E.W. Knapp | 2008 |

| MatAlign [ 6 ] | Protein Structure Comparison by Mat rix Align ment | C-Map | Pair | nil | site | Z. Aung & K.L. Tan | 2006 |

| Vorolign | Fast structure alignment using Voronoi contacts | C-Map | Multi | Yes | server | F. Birzele et al. | 2006 |

| EXPRESSO | Fast Multiple Structural Alignment using T-Coffee and Sap | Cα | Multi | nil | site | C. Notredame et al. | 2007 |

| CAALIGN | Cα Align | Cα | Multi | nil | site | T.J. Oldfield | 2007 |

| YAKUSA | Internal Coordinates and BLAST type algorithm | Cα | Pair | nil | site | M. Carpentier et al. | 2005 |

| BLOMAPS | Conformation-based alphabet alignments | Cα | Multi | nil | server | W-M. Zheng & S. Wang | 2008 |

| CLEPAPS | Conformation-based alphabet alignments | Cα | Pair | nil | server | W-M. Zheng & S. Wang | 2008 |

| TALI F | T orsion Angle ALI gnment | Cα | Pair | No | NA | X. Mioa | 2006 |

| MolCom | NA | Geometry | Multi | nil | NA | S.D. O'Hearn | 2003 |

| MALECON | NA | Geometry | Multi | nil | NA | S. Wodak | 2004 |

| FlexProt | Flex ible Alignment of Prot ein Structures | Cα | Pair | Yes | server | M. Shatsky & H. Wolfson | 2002 |

| MultiProt | Multi ple Alignment of Prot ein Structures | Geometry | Multi | No | server | M. Shatsky & H. Wolfson | 2004 |

| CTSS | Protein Structure Alignment Using Local Geometrical Features | Geometry | Pair | nil | site | T. Can | 2004 |

| CURVE | NA | Geometry | Multi | No | site | D. Zhi | 2006 |

| Matt | M ultiple A lignment with T ranslations and T wists | Cα | Multi | Yes | server download | M. Menke | 2008 |

| TopMatch [ 7 ] | Protein structure alignment and visualization of structural similarities; alignment of multiprotein complexes | Cα | Pair | No | server download | M. Sippl & M. Wiederstein | 2012 |

| SSGS | S econdary S tructure G uided S uperimposition | Ca | Pair | No | site | G. Wainreb et al. | 2006 |

| Matchprot | Comparison of protein structures by growing neighborhood alignments | Cα | Pair | No | server | S. Bhattacharya et al. | 2007 |

| UCSF Chimera | see MatchMaker tool and "matchmaker" command | Seq & SSE | Multi | No | site | E. Meng et al. | 2006 |

| FLASH | F ast a L ignment A lgorithm for finding S tructural H omology of proteins | SSE | Pair | No | NA | E.S.C. Shih & M-J Hwang | 2003 |

| RAPIDO | R apid A lignment of P rotein structures I n the presence of D omain m O vements | Cα | Pair | Yes | server | R. Mosca & T.R. Schneider | 2008 |

| ComSubstruct | Structural Alignment based on Differential Geometrical Encoding | Geometry | Pair | Yes | site | N. Morikawa | 2008 |

| ProCKSI | Pro tein (Structure) C omparison, K nowledge, S imilarity and I nformation | Other | Pair | No | site | D. Barthel et al. | 2007 |

| SARST | S tructure similarity search A ided by R amachandran S equential T ransformation | Cα | Pair | nil | site | W-C. Lo et al. | 2007 |

| Fr-TM-align | Fr agment- TM -score based protein structure align ment | Cα | Pair | no | site | S.B. Pandit & J. Skolnick | 2008 |

| TOPS+ COMPARISON | Comparing topological models of protein structures enhanced with ligand information | Topology | Pair | Yes | server | M. Veeramalai & D. Gilbert | 2008 |

| TOPS++FATCAT | F lexible Structure A lignmen T by C haining A ligned Fragment Pairs Allowing T wists derived from TOPS+ String Model | Cα | Pair | Yes | server | M. Veeramalai et al. | 2008 |

| MolLoc | Mol ecular Loc al Surface Alignment | Surf | Pair | No | server | M.E. Bock et al. | 2007 |

| FASE | F lexible A lignment of S econdary Structure E lements | SSE | Pair | Yes | NA | J. Vesterstrom & W. R. Taylor | 2006 |

| SABERTOOTH | Protein Structural Alignment based on a vectorial Structure Representation | Cα | Pair | Yes | server | F. Teichert et al. | 2007 |

| STON | NA | Cα | Pair | No | site | C. Eslahchi et al. | 2009 |

| SALIGN | Sequence-Structure Hybrid Method | Seq | Multi | No | site | M.S. Madhusudhan et al. | 2007 |

| MAX-PAIRS | NA | Cα | Pair | No | site | A. Poleksic | 2009 |

| THESEUS | Maximum likelihood superpositioning | Cα | Multi | No | site | D.L. Theobald & D.S. Wuttke | 2006 |

| TABLEAUSearch | Structural Search and Retrieval using a Tableau Representation of Protein Folding Patterns | SSE | Pair | No | server | A.S. Konagurthu et al. | 2008 |

| QP Tableau Search [ 8 ] | Tableau-based protein substructure search using quadratic programming | SSE | Pair | No | download | A.Stivala et al. | 2009 |

| ProSMoS | Pro tein S tructure Mo tif S earch | SSE | Pair | No | server download | S. Shi et al. | 2007 |

| MISTRAL | Energy-based multiple structural alignment of proteins | Cα | Multi | No | server | C. Micheletti & H. Orland | 2009 |

| MSVNS for MaxCMO | A simple and fast heuristic for protein structure comparison | C-Map | Pair | No | site | D. Pelta et al. | 2008 |

| Structal | Least Squares Root Mean Square deviation minimization by dynamic programming | Cα | Pair | No | server download | Gerstein & Levitt | 2005 |

| ProBiS [ 9 ] | Detection of Structurally Similar Pro tein Bi nding S ites by Local Structural Alignment | Surf | Pair | Yes | server download | J. Konc & D. Janezic | 2010 |

| ALADYN | Dyn amics-based Al ignment: superposing proteins by matching their collective movements | Cα | Pair | No | server | Potestio et al. | 2010 |

| SWAPSC | S liding W indow A nalysis P rocedure for detecting S elective C onstraints for analysing genetic data structured for a family or phylogenetic tree using constraints in protein-coding sequence alignments. | Seq | Multi | yes | Server | Mario A. Fares | 2004 |

| SA Tableau Search [ 10 ] | Fast and accurate protein substructure searching with simulated annealing and GPUs | SSE | Pair | No | download | A.Stivala et al. | 2010 |

| RCSB PDB Protein Comparison Tool | Provides CE, FATCAT, CE variation for Circular Permutations , Sequence Alignments | Cα | Pair | yes | server download | A. Prlic et al. | 2010 |

| CSR | Maximal common 3D motif; non-parametric; outputs pairwise correspondence; works also on small molecules | SSE or Cα | Pair | No | server download | M. Petitjean | 1998 |

| EpitopeMatch | discontinuous structure matching; induced fit consideration; flexible geometrical and physicochemical specificity definition; transplantation of similar spatial arrangements of amino acid residues | Cα-AllA | Multi | Yes | download | S. Jakuschev | 2011 |

| CLICK | Topology-independent 3D structure comparison | SSE & Cα & SASA | Pair | Yes | server | M. Nguyen | 2011 |

| Smolign | S patial mo tifs based protein structural a lign ment | SSE & C-Map | Multi | Yes | download | H. Sun | 2010 |

| 3D-Blast | Comparing three-dimensional shape-density | Density | Pair | No | server | L. Mavridis et al. | 2011 |

| DEDAL | DE scriptor D efined AL ignment | SSE & Cα & C-Map | Pair | Yes | server | P. Daniluk & B. Lesyng | 2011 |

| msTALI | m ultiple sT ructure ALI gnment | Cα & Dihed & SSE & Surf | Multi | Yes | server | P. Shealy & H. Valafar | 2012 |

| mulPBA | mul tiple PB sequence alignment | PB | Multi | Yes | NA | A.P. Joseph et al. | 2012 |

| SAS-Pro | S imiltaneous A lignment and S uperimposition of PRO teins | ??? | Pair | Yes | server | Shah & Sahinidis | 2012 |

| MIRAGE-align | M atch I ndex based structural alignment method | SSE & PPE | Pair | No | website | K. Hung et al. | 2012 |

| SPalign | S tructure P airwise align ment | Cα | Pair | No | server download | Y. Yang et al. | 2012 |

| Kpax [ 11 ] | Fast Pairwise or Multiple Alignments using Gaussian Overlap | Other | Pair | Yes | website | D.W. Ritchie | 2016 |

| DeepAlign [ 12 ] | Protein structure alignment beyond spatial proximity (evolutionary information and hydrogen-bonding are taken into consideration) | Cα + Seq | Pair | No | download server | S. Wang and J. Xu | 2013 |

| 3DCOMB [ 13 ] | extension of DeepAlign | Cα | Multi | No | download server | S. Wang and J. Xu | 2012 |

| TS-AMIR [ 14 ] | A topology string alignment method for intensive rapid protein structure comparison | SSE & Cα | Pair | No | NA | J. Razmara et al. | 2012 |

| MICAN [ 15 ] | MICAN can handle M ultiple-chains, I nverse alignments, C α only models, A lternative alignments, and N on-sequential alignments | Cα | Pair | No | download | S.Minami et al. | 2013 |

| SPalignNS [ 16 ] | S tructure P airwise align ment N on- S equential | Cα | Pair | No | server download | P. Brown et al. | 2015 |

| Fit3D [ 17 ] | highly accurate screening for small structural motifs featuring definition of position-specific exchanges, detection of intra- and inter-molecular occurrences, definition of arbitrary atoms used for motif alignment | AllA, Cα | Multi | No | server download | F. Kaiser et al. | 2015 |

| MMLigner [ 18 ] | Bayesian statistical inference of alignments based on information theory and compression. | Cα | Pair | Yes | server download | J. Collier et al. | 2017 |

| RCSB PDB strucmotif-search [ 19 ] | Small structural motifs search that takes seconds to run on 180k or more structures, with nucleic acid & bioassembly support | AllA | Multi | No | server/documentation download | S. Bittrich et al. | 2020 |

• Class:

Cα -- Backbone Atom (Cα) Alignment; AllA -- All Atoms Alignment; SSE -- Secondary Structure Elements Alignment; Seq -- Sequence-based alignment Pair -- Pairwise Alignment (2 structures *only*); Multi -- Multiple Structure Alignment (MStA); C-Map -- Contact Map Surf -- Connolly Molecular Surface Alignment SASA -- Solvent Accessible Surface Area Dihed -- Dihedral Backbone Angles PB -- Protein Blocks

• Flexible:

No -- Only rigid-body transformations are considered between the structures being compared. Yes -- The method allows for some flexibility within the structures being compared, such as movements around hinge regions.

cite-note-bohdan2024-11. citerefbohdan-d-r-bujnicki-j-m-baulin-e-f-2024Bohdan D.R.; Bujnicki J.M.; Baulin E.F. (2024). "ARTEMIS: a method for topology-independent superposition of RNA 3D structures and structure-based sequence alignment". Nucleic Acids Research. 52 (18): 10850–10861. doi:10.1093/nar/gkae758. PMC 11472068. PMID 39258540.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

cite-note-bohdan2023-22. citerefbohdan-d-r-voronina-v-v-bujnicki-j-m-baulin-e-f-2023Bohdan D.R.; Voronina V.V.; Bujnicki J.M.; Baulin E.F. (2023). "A comprehensive survey of long-range tertiary interactions and motifs in non-coding RNA structures". Nucleic Acids Research. 51 (16): 8367–8382. doi:10.1093/nar/gkad605. PMC 10484739. PMID 37471030.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

cite-note-baulin2024-33. citerefbaulin-e-f-bohdan-d-r-kowalski-d-serwatka-m-wierczy-ska-j-yra-z-bujnicki-j-m-2024Baulin E.F.; Bohdan D.R.; Kowalski D.; Serwatka M.; Świerczyńska J.; Żyra Z.; Bujnicki J.M. (2024). "ARTEM: a method for RNA tertiary motif identification with backbone permutations, and its example application to kink-turn-like motifs". bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2024.05.31.596898.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

cite-note-kempen2023-44. citerefvan-kempen-m-kim-s-tumescheit-c-mirdita-m-lee-j-gilchrist-c-s-ding-j-steinegger-m-2023van Kempen M.; Kim S.; Tumescheit C.; Mirdita M.; Lee J.; Gilchrist C.; Söding J.; Steinegger M. (2023). "Fast and accurate protein structure search with Foldseek" (PDF). Nature Biotechnology. 42 (2): 243–246. doi:10.1038/s41587-023-01773-0. PMID 37156916.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

cite-note-zemla2003-55. citerefzemla-a2003Zemla A (2003). "LGA: A method for finding 3D similarities in protein structures". Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (13): 3370–3374. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg571. PMC 168977. PMID 12824330.

cite-note-matalign-66. citerefaungkian-lee-tan2006Aung, Zeyar; Kian-Lee Tan (Dec 2006). "MatAlign: Precise protein structure comparison by matrix alignment". Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology. 4 (6): 1197–216. doi:10.1142/s0219720006002417. PMID 17245810.

cite-note-77. citerefsipplwiederstein-m-2012Sippl, M.; Wiederstein, M. (2012). "Detection of spatial correlations in protein structures and molecular complexes". Structure. 20 (4): 718–728. doi:10.1016/j.str.2012.01.024. PMC 3320710. PMID 22483118.

cite-note-88. citerefstivalawirthstuckey2009Stivala, Alex; Wirth, Anthony; Stuckey, Peter J (2009). "Tableau-based protein substructure search using quadratic programming". BMC Bioinformatics. 10 (1): 153. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-10-153. ISSN 1471-2105. PMC 2705363. PMID 19450287.

cite-note-99. citerefjanez-koncdu-anka-jane-i-2010Janez Konc; Dušanka Janežič (2010). "ProBiS algorithm for detection of structurally similar protein binding sites by local structural alignment". Bioinformatics. 26 (9): 1160–1168. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btq100. PMC 2859123. PMID 20305268.

cite-note-1010. citerefstivalastuckeywirth2010Stivala, Alex D; Stuckey, Peter J; Wirth, Anthony I (2010). "Fast and accurate protein substructure searching with simulated annealing and GPUs". BMC Bioinformatics. 11 (1): 446. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-11-446. ISSN 1471-2105. PMC 2944279. PMID 20813068.

cite-note-kpax-1111. citerefritchie2016Ritchie, David W. (September 2016). "Calculating and scoring high quality multiple flexible protein structure alignments". Bioinformatics. 32 (17): 2650–2658. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btw300. PMID 27187202.

cite-note-deepalign-1212. citerefwangjianzhu-majian-pengjinbo-xu2013Wang, Sheng; Jianzhu Ma; Jian Peng; Jinbo Xu (March 2013). "Protein structure alignment beyond spatial proximity". Scientific Reports. 3: 1448. Bibcode:2013NatSR...3.1448W. doi:10.1038/srep01448. PMC 3596798. PMID 23486213.

cite-note-3dcomb-1313. citerefwangjian-pengjinbo-xu2011Wang, Sheng; Jian Peng; Jinbo Xu (Sep 2011). "Alignment of distantly related protein structures: algorithm, bound and implications to homology modeling". Bioinformatics. 27 (18): 2537–45. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btr432. PMC 3167051. PMID 21791532.

cite-note-ts-amir-1414. citerefrazmarasafaai-derissepideh-parvizpour2012Razmara, Jafar; Safaai Deris; Sepideh Parvizpour (Feb 2012). "TS-AMIR: a topology string alignment method for intensive rapid protein structure comparison". Algorithms for Molecular Biology. 7 (4): 4. doi:10.1186/1748-7188-7-4. PMC 3298807. PMID 22336468.

cite-note-mican-1515. citerefminamisawada-k-chikenji-g-2013Minami, S.; Sawada K.; Chikenji G. (Jan 2013). "MICAN : a protein structure alignment algorithm that can handle Multiple-chains, Inverse alignments, C α only models, Alternative alignments, and Non-sequential alignments". BMC Bioinformatics. 14 (24): 24. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-14-24. PMC 3637537. PMID 23331634.

cite-note-spalignns-1616. citerefbrownpullan-w-yang-y-zhou-y-2015Brown, P.; Pullan W.; Yang Y.; Zhou Y. (Oct 2015). "Fast and accurate non-sequential protein structure alignment using a new asymmetric linear sum assignment heuristic". Bioinformatics. 32 (3): 370–7. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btv580. hdl:10072/101971. PMID 26454279.

cite-note-fit3d-1717. citerefkaisereisold-a-bittrich-s-labudde-d-2015Kaiser, F.; Eisold A.; Bittrich S.; Labudde D. (Oct 2015). "Fit3D: a web application for highly accurate screening of spatial resiudue patterns in protein structure data". Bioinformatics. 32 (5): 792–4. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btv637. PMID 26519504.

cite-note-mmligner-1818. citerefcollierallison-l-lesk-a-stuckey-p-2017Collier, J.; Allison L.; Lesk A.; Stuckey P.; Garcia de la Banda M.; Konagurthu A. (Apr 2017). "Statistical inference of protein structural alignments using information and compression". Bioinformatics. 33 (7): 1005–13. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btw757. PMID 28065899.

cite-note-strucmotif-1919. citerefbittrich-s-burley-sk-rose-as2020Bittrich S, Burley SK, Rose AS (2020). "Real-time structural motif searching in proteins using an inverted index strategy". PLOS Comput Biol. 16 (12): e1008502. Bibcode:2020PLSCB..16E8502B. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008502. PMC 7746303. PMID 33284792.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)